How would the composition change if one or more lines were removed?

Lines can serve many purposes at once. They can be used to define, enclose, connect, or dissect. If you were to get rid of one or more lines, it would take away from the message that that artist is trying to portray to the viewer.

What happens when you combine flat, solid shapes with gradated shapes? Or fuse negative and positive?

Both flat and gradated shapes can be used to create an arresting image. For example, a flat, circular shape becomes a faceted polyhedron when a series of gray tones is added. Carin Goldberg, for the cover of Ulysses, took primary colors and combined it with the slanted title block to immediately attract attention. With fusing negative/positive, the figure can become dynamic or static, leaden or buoyant.

What happens when you invert the values that is -- the black areas become white and the black areas become black?

Automatically, the viewer is aware that something is different and it causes the person to look at the image differently.

Choose an artist's piece from the chapter that you liked and talk about the methods used

Phillia Yi is a printmaker and has revitalized the ancient process of woodcut through her large-scale prints. Drawing directly on luan plywood, Yi cuts away the negative shapes and innks the raised positive shapes to create abstract images that vigorously combine line, color, texture, and movement.